perception of elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the
comprehension of their meaning and the projection of their status in the near future.” Drury et
al. [2003] redefined situation awareness to make it more specific to robot operations:
HRI awareness (general case): Given n humans and m robots working together on a
synchronous task, HRI awareness consists of five components:
• Human-robot: the understanding that the humans have of the locations, identities,
activities, status and surroundings of the robots. Further, the understanding of
the certainty with which humans know the aforementioned information.
• Human-human: the understanding that the humans have of the locations, identities
and activities of their fellow human collaborators.
• Robot-human: the robots’ knowledge of the humans’ commands needed to direct
activities and any human-delineated constraints that may require command
noncompliance or a modified course of action.
• Robot-robot: the knowledge that the robots have of the commands given to them,
if any, by other robots, the tactical plans of the other robots and the robot-to-
robot coordination necessary to dynamically reallocate tasks among robots if
necessary.
• Humans’ overall mission awareness: the humans’ understanding of the overall goals of
the joint human-robot activities and the measurement of the moment-by-
moment progress obtained against the goals.
Three of the five parts are relevant to this research. They are the definitions that relate to a case
where one human operator is working with one robot: human-robot awareness, robot-human
awareness and the human’s overall mission awareness.
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